In February, Greece announced a 12-year €28bn modernisation of its armed forces that will include the acquisition of 20 fifth-generation F-35 fighter jets, a sensor network for underwater threat detection and the construction of a comprehensive air, missile and anti-drone system dubbed “Achilles Shield”, built in partnership with Israel. The plan also allocates about €2.5bn a year to the Hellenic Armed Forces, meaning that Greece will potentially exceed the more than 3 per cent of GDP it currently spends on defence.

Countries such as Poland have been singled out for walking the talk on defence at a time of heightened security concerns across Europe. But Greece is rarely mentioned in the same sentence, even though it has the third-highest defence expenditure of European Nato members as a percentage of GDP. For decades, Athens, like many European nations, relied on the US to guarantee its security. Its mutual defence co-operation agreement with Washington, signed in 1990, grants American forces access to Greek bases.

But with uncertainty over Washington’s commitment to Europe, Athens is recalibrating. It has become one of the EU’s most vocal advocates for defence autonomy, pushing for looser fiscal constraints to allow members to bolster their own security without breaching the EU debt ceiling. Kyriakos Mitsotakis, the Greek prime minister, has suggested a similar system to Achilles Shield to cover the whole continent. Athens’ military push comes at a time when it is also trying to burnish its diplomatic credentials. In January, Greece began a two-year term as a non-permanent member of the UN Security Council and foreign minister Giorgos Gerapetritis has been active, attending bilateral meetings concerning the wars in Ukraine and Gaza. During uncertain geopolitical times, Athens is aiming to have its voice heard above the panic. 

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